TYPES OF TEXT

 

TYPES OF TEXT

A. Story Genre

          Story genre consists of four texts, they are recount, narrative, spoof, and anecdote. These texts will be discussed one by one in the following part.

1. Recount

a.       The Definition and Social Function of Recount Text

          Recount text is a type of spoken or written text that deals with past experiences . It is a text that tells us about what had happened in series of events in sequence. Recount means calling past memory. It tells what happened in the past. It is a true story. Therefore, this text is written based on someone’s true experience. That is why the subject of the story is I or we. There is no complication among the participants and that differentiates from narrative.

The purpose of recount text is to inform and/or to entertain the listeners or readers or to tell an event in the past time chronologically. In other words this text is aimed to tell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events. 

b. The Generic Structure of Recount Text

-          Orientation    :an introduction that providers the setting and introduces participations .

In orientation the writer at least introduces the main character(s), the location and the time. To make it easier we can answer the questions:
- Who involved in the story?

- Where it happened?

- When it happened?

-                                           - Events             : Describing series of event that happened in the past. It tells what happened, in a sequence. In series of events the writer writes the events chronologically. It begins from the first event, followed by the second event to the the last event. The sum of events depend on the creativity of the writer.

-                                              -                                           Reorientation   :      Closure of events . In reorientation the writer draw a conclusion or gives comment about the story. Not all recount text closed by reorientation. It is optional Stating personal comment of the writer to the story.

c. Significant Lexicon Grammatical Features

-           Focus on specific participants

-           Use of material processes

-           Circumstances of time and place

-           Use of past tense

-           Focus on temporal sequence

d.  Characteristics of Recount Text:

Here are some characteristics of recount text:

-          Using Past Tense       : walked, did not want

-          Action verbs               : bought, went, enjoyed

-          Indicates When         : when I was at home

-          Indicates Where        : I went to the town square of Ponorogo.

-          Focuses on Individuals       : I , We

-          Use of pronouns and nouns ( David, he, she)

-          Use of action verbs in past (went, studied)

-          Use of adverbial phrases

-          Use of adjectives

-          Using chronological connection; then, first, etc

-          Using linking verb; was, were, saw, heard, etc

e. Model of Recount Text

MY WORST DAY

1). Orientation

          On this day I was so unhappy. Because there were some incidents that blamed myself gradually. Not just one or two but three incidents that made me so fed. It had happened when I was at home alone about two or three months  before today to point at August 21, this year.

2). Sequence of Events

          First, at the morning I had headache where this sick was too disturbed me. And you know I never got it yet before. I could not stand on quietly so that I felt this earth  walked around me. Probably, it happened because I ate too much traditional Javanese snack whose called ‘Gadung’. Yap, I like this snack so much. So, when my friend brought it for me I was happy and without compromise I ate those ‘Gadung’ until nothing to leave one or more ‘Gadung’ in the plate. And the result was this sick. I got intoxication. It made me torture. Then, I called my friend to come to my house . I had him escort me to go to the nearest hospital. Because no one in my house. All my family went to my first cousin wedding party in  Pacitan town. They were there since two days ago.

          In the hospital the doctor would give me injection. I was so afraid. Exactly, I did not want to receive that injection  but the doctor compelled me. So, I was to be forced to accept that injection. Then, the doctor gave me prescription of my headache and had me take a rest  more.

          When I felt very well, I was hungry. And I went to the traditional mini restaurant to buy some foods. I bought Javanese baked glutinous rice, fried rice with more chilly and sauce. Then,  I bought an orange juice, some Javanese roast, and fried chicken too. After that I ate all of them until I felt so satisfied.

          An hour was to go by. Suddenly, my stomach was pined by an any sharpened thing. Yah, it was very sick. I just could hold my stomach. And I took an ‘Entrostop’ to lighten this sick more. Formerly, in an hour  I had eleven times went to the closed. Wow, I was so frowned. When I felt better, I just could take all of the day.

          At the night, I felt fresh again. So I had plan to walk around with my friend by motor cycle to the town center. I went to the town square of Ponorogo. We just saw people with all of their activities. I did it in a traditional coffee shop. Yah, we enjoyed so much because we met the other friends who join with us. So, we shared with the young laugh until a long time.

          When I saw my watch, it showed at 11.00 p.m. Then, we dispersed and went home. When I and my friend almost arrived at my house, it was about 500 meters before my house, suddenly ‘Dooor’ I got my cycle out of air. I was so surprised. ”Oh shit! It is a night! No one of motorcycle workshop is  still open.” I thought. So, I just could say, “My bad day.” And I was to start my motorcycle by the hand until to the house. This night my friend slept in my home.

3). Reorientation

Yah, it was “My Worst Day.” I always remember this story and may it will be a lesson for the readers. 

2. Spoof

a. Definition and Social Function of Spoof

Spoof is a text which tells factual story, happened in the past time with unpredictable and funny ending. Its social function is to entertain and share the story.

b. Generic Structure of Spoof

1. Orientation (who were involved, when and where was happened)
2. Events ( tell what happened in a chronological order)
3. Twist (provide the funniest part of the story)

c. Language Feature of Spoof

1. Focusing on people, animals or certain things
2. Using action verb; ate, ran, etc
3. Using adverb of time and place
4. Told in chronological order

5. Use of connectives (first, then, finally)

6. Use of simple past tense (he walked away from the village)

d. Model of Spoof Text

 1). Orientation

Two men were walking through the woods and come across a very big deep hole. "Wow...that looks deep." One replied, "Sure does... toss a few pebbles in there and we will see how deep this hole is." Then they pick up a few pebbles and throw them in and wait... no noise "Geeez. That is really deep... here.. throw one of these great big rocks down there. Those should make a noise." After that, they pick up a couple football-sized rocks and toss them into the hole and wait... and wait. but no noise they heard.

2). Events

Wow.. They were really impressed with how deep hole it was. They look at each other in amazement. One gets a determined look on his face and says, "Hey...over here in the weeds, there's a railroad tie. Help me carry it over here. When we toss that sucker in this hole, it's must make some noise."

The two men drag the heavy tie over to the hole and heave it in. But, not a sound comes from the hole. Suddenly, out of the nearby woods, a goat appears, running like the wind. It rushes toward the two men, then right past them, running as fast as its legs will carry it. Suddenly it leaps in the air and into the hole. The goat disappeared into the deep hole.

The two men are astonished with what they've just seen. How could a goat jump into the hole? Then, not long after that, out of the woods comes a farmer. He seemed to seek something and asked to the two men, "Hey two guys... have you seen my goat out here?"

Feeling amazing with what they saw of a goat jumping to the hole, they answer straightly, "You bet we did! Craziest thing I've ever seen! A goat came running like crazy and just jumped into this hole!"

3). Twist

The farmer thought a moment and said, "That could not have been my goat. Because my goat was chained to a railroad tie." Then he left the two men.

This example of spoof text is rewritten from: www.funnies.com 

3. .Narrative

a. Definition and Social Function of Narrative Text

Narrative Text is a text containing story. It can be in the form of folktale/ folklore, fable, Legend, short story, fairy tale, myth, etc. The main function of this text is to entertain the readers with actual or imaginary experience in different ways. Narrative always deals with some problems which lead to the climax and then turn into a solution to the problem.

b. Generic Structure of Narrative Text

1). Orientation

It is the background of the story which tells about who, when, where, and what is the story about.

2). Complication:

A problem arises and followed by other problems which lead to the climax of conflict in the story. A story can have complication more than one.

3). Evaluation:

It is optional. The aims is to make the story more interesting. 

3). Resolution:

It is the problem solving of the problem which can end with happy ending or sad ending or tragedy.

c. Language Features of Narrative Text

1.   Use of noun phrases ( a beautiful princess, a huge temple)

2.   Use of adverbial phrases of time and place ( in the garden, two days ago)

3.   Use of simple past tense ( He walked away from the village)

4.   Use of action verbs ( walked, slept)

5.   Use of adjectives phrases ( long black hair)

d. Model of Narrative Text

Romeo and Juliet

 

Orientation:     Montague and Juliet Capulet lived in Verona. They met at party and it was love at first sight. Their families were enemies so the young couple could not meet in the open. They got married in secret with the help of a priest, friar Laurence, and Juliet’s maid.

Complication: Juliet’s cousin, Tybalt, hated Romeo and the Montagues. One day, he met Romeo and his friend Mercutio in the street. They had a sword fight and Mercutio was killed. Romeo was so upset that he attacked and killed Tybalt m revenge.

Evaluation:     As a result of this, Romeo had to leave Verona to save his life. He visited Juliet secretly that night and then left for Mantua. Juliet’s parents wanted Juliet to marry Paris, a friend of the family. They arranged the marriage and Juliet was horrified. She asked friar Laurence to help her. He suggested a plain: he gave her a drug to make her sleep for a long time and appear dead to everyone else. When Juliet woke up, she could join Romeo in Mantua. Friar Laurence promised to write to Romeo and explain the plan.

Resolution:     The night before the wedding, Juliet took the drug and her family found her “dead” in the morning. The wedding celebration turned into a funeral. Unfortunately, Romeo never received the letter from friar Laurence. He returned to Verona, when he found Juliet’s body. He thought she was dead and he was so devastated that the killed himself. When Juliet woke up and saw Romeo lying dead beside her, she killed herself too, with his dagger.

As a result of this tragic of events, the Capulets and the Montagues agreed to stop fighting and live in peace together 

4. Anecdote

a. Definition and Social Function of Anecdote

Anecdote is a text which retells funny and unusual incidents in fact or imagination. Its purpose is to entertain the readers.

b. Generic Structure of Anecdote

1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Incident/reaction

5. Coda

c. Language Feature of Anecdote
1. Using exclamation words; it’s awful!, it’s wonderful!, etc
2. Using imperative; listen to this
3. Using rhetoric question; do you know what?
4. Using action verb; go, write, etc
5. Using conjunction of time; then, afterward
6. Using simple past tense

d. Model of Anecdote

1). Abstract

Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true, there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we do?

2). Orientation

The Clark family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They prepared well for their plan

3). Crisis

Few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.

4). Incident

The family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not accept it.

5).  Coda

The father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a tragedy but a blessing. 

B. Factual Genre

1. Procedure Text

a. Definition and Social Function of Procedure

Procedure tells us about how to do a task or make something. They can be a set of instructions or directions. Its social function is to help us do a task or make something. They can be a set of instruction or directions.

b. Generic Structure of procedure

1.    Goal (The final purpose of doing the instructions)

2.   Materials (Ingredients, utensils, equipments to do the instructions)

3.   Steps (A set of instruction to achieve the final purpose)

c. Language Features

1.   Use of imperative ( Cut…….., Don’t mix……..)

2.   Use of action verbs (turn, put)

3.   Use of connectives(first, then, finally)

4.   Use present tense e.g. spray

5.   Include technical terms when you need to e.g. friable

6.   Use words that tell the reader how, when and where to perform the task e.g. fill, firmly.

d. Model of Procedure Text

1). Goal      : How to Make Fried Rice

2). Material/ Ingredients:

• White Rice that's previously been cooked
• Yellow Onion
• Garlic
• 3 Eggs
• Bean Sprouts
• Black Pepper
• Salt
• Fresh Ginger
• Soy Sauce
• Green Onion
• Sesame Oil
• Shrimp, Chicken, and/or pork/tofu(optional)

3). Steps:

1. Put about 6 cups of rice into your rice cooker. Let it steam until it is ready.
2. Wash the vegetables. Then, dice the carrots and onions into small pieces. Set them aside for the next step.
3. Add oil and heat up the pan to 100 degrees.
4. Toss the vegetables into the pan for about 3 minutes. Add 1 teaspoon of salt into the pan.
5. Boil the chicken or shrimp with the rest of the ingredients (optional).

6. Put a bit more oil into the frying pan.
7. Toss the rice in carefully.
8. Add an egg and scramble with the other ingredients. Add approximately 2 to 3 tablespoons of soy sauce while frying.
9. Put fried rice on a dish and it's ready to serve

2. News Item

a. Definition and Social Function of News Item

News item is a text which reports important events to the readers. The social function is to inform readers or listeners about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

b. Generic Structure of News Item

1.   News worthy event ( tells the event in a summary form)

2.   Background events ( elaborate what happened, tell what caused the incident)

3.   Sources ( comments by participants, witnesses, authorities and experts involved in the event)

c. Language Features

-          Information on the use of head lines.

-          Use of action verbs( hit, attack)

-          Use of saying verbs( said, added, claimed)

-          Use of passive sentences ( Aceh was hit by Tsunami in 2004)

-          Use of adverbs in passive sentences (The victims were badly injured)

d. Model of News Item

Muhammadiyah Avoids Movement Backing Ahmadiyah Dissolution

Tue, February 22 2011 01:30 | 292 Views

Jakarta (ANTARA News) - Muhammadiyah Chairman Din Syamsuddin said his organization would not involve in any movement supporting the dissolution of Ahmadiyah religious sect.

Instead, Muhammadiyah, Indonesia`s second biggest Islamic organization after Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), would do its best to prevent Muslims from being misled by Ahmadiyah followers, he said.

"It is the state`s power to take stern action by referring to our Constitution because the existence of a group in society is the state`s business," he said here Monday.

Speaking to newsmen in response to the unresolved Ahmadiyah matter, Din Syamsuddin said Muhammadiyah`s stance on this deviant sect had never changed since the issuance of a "fatwa" in 1933.

According to the "fatwa" that Muhammadiyah issued in 1933 or much earlier than those of Rabithan Alam Islami in 1979 and Indonesian Council of Ulemas (MUI) in 2005, Ahmadiyah was "misleading", he said.

In response to the recent incident of sectarian violence in Banten province, he said the government tended to submit that to the people rather than take firm legal action.

Despite the fact that the government had a reason for not intervening into its people`s religious problems, it should take stern actions against those involving in violence, he said.

On February 18, a number of Islamic organizations and Indonesian Council of Ulema (MUI) in Banten had asked the government to soon ban the Ahmadiyah sect in the province.

"Before the Cikeusik incident occurred on February 6, MUI had actually urged the provincial government to ban all activities of the Ahmadiyah sect," MUI-Banten chapter`s chairman KH Aminudin Ibrahim said.

MUI, Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah, and Religious Followers` Harmony Forum (FKUB) in Banten Province had agreed to again call on the provincial government to ban all activities of Ahmadiyah,he said.

The ban could be imposed through a Banten governor`s or provincial government regulation, Ibrahim said.

A series of attacks on Ahmadiyah religious sect followers and their properties have occurred in some parts of Indonesia over the past two years.

The latest incident happened in Umbulan village Cikeusik subdistrict, Pandeglang district, Banten province, on February 6, killing three people.

In response to the latest incident, Former Vice President Jusuf Kalla said the cases of sectarian violence could be handled if firm law enforcement was implemented to the doers.

"Don`t let the perpetrators be untouched by the law. If it is so, there will be a feeling that if we kill or destroy properties in a mass, we think that the law cannot do anything," he said. (*)

Editor: B Kunto Wibisono                          
COPYRIGHT © 2011

3. Descriptive Text

a. Definition and Social Function Of Descriptive Text

A descriptive text is a text which lists the characteristics of something. Descriptive text is a text that draw or tell about something in detail. The purpose of descriptive text to describe specific thing or an object. The social function of descriptive text is to describe a particular person, place or thing . Descriptive writing or text is usually also used to help writer develop an aspect of their work, e.g. to create a particular mood, atmosphere or describe a place so that the reader can create vivid pictures of characters, places, objects etc. We get the purpose from the text above that description is used in all forms of writing to create a vivid impression of a person, place, object or event e.g. to:

• Describe a special place and explain why it is special.
• Describe the most important person in your live.
• Describe the animal’s habit in your report.

b. Generic Structure of Descriptive Text

Beyond the characteristics stated on, descriptive writing also consists of generic structure in range as:

-          Identification : general statement which identify phenomenon to be described. (mention the special participant)

-          Description      : explanation which describe parts, qualities, characteristics in detail.(mention the part, quality, and characteristics of subject being described)

-          Closing

c.  Language Features of Descriptive Text

The description text has dominant language features as follows:

1. Using action verbs
2. Using passive voice
3. Using noun phrase
4. Using adverbial phrase
5. Using technical terms
6. Using general and abstract noun
7. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.
8. Focus on specific participants
9. Using attributive and identifying processes
10. Frequent use of classifiers in nominal groups.
11. The use of adjectives and compound adjectives.
    e.g. :
    - a five hundred seated football stadium.
    - a beautiful ancient Roman opera house.
12. The use of Linking Verbs/ relating verbs.
    e.g. :
    - The temple is so magnificent.
    - The temple consists of five terraces.

13. The use of Simple Present Tense
    e.g. :
    - The museum houses hundreds of Greek Statues.
    - The hotel provides 450 rooms and a large swimming pool.
14.  The use of degree of comparison
    e.g. :
    - The weather in Jakarta is hotter than Bandung.
    - Bogor has the same weather as Ungaran.

To complete our intention to, here are the characteristics based on descriptive writing or text, below;

As a feature, description is a style of writing which can be useful for other variety of purposes as:

• To engage a reader’s attention
• To create characters
• To set a mood or create an atmosphere
• To being writing to life

While in language function, descriptive writing;

• Aims to show rather than tell the reader what something/someone is like
• Relies on precisely chosen vocabulary with carefully chosen adjectives and adverbs.
• Is focused and concentrates only on the aspects that add something to the main purpose of the description.

• Sensory description-what is heard, seen, smelt, felt, tasted. Precise use of adjectives, similes, metaphors to create images/pictures in the mind e.g. their noses were met with the acrid smell of rotting flesh.
• Strong  development of the experience that “put the reader there” focuses on key details, powerful verbs and precise nouns.

d.  Model of Descriptive Text

1. Cat
   Identification :

Cat is one of the famous pet that so many people like it.

Description:
Cat has a tail. From its mouth it makes a sound of " miau ". Cat is cute. It has soft fur. It also has four legs and four sharp claws. Cat likes mouse. Cat lives at home with people who keep it has their pet

Bandengan Beach Identification: Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in Jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows thisplace. Description: This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached Kuwasen village. You  can  take  public  transportation or by your own  vehicle. The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This  place  is  more  beautiful  at dusk.  We  can  see the beautiful  sunset with our family or friends. In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural  beach  breezy  wind.  It also has large pandan  tree  field. It  is  Suitable for youngster activities such as camping. If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent. In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish,  crab,  boiled  shell.  Pindang Srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors. Come to the Bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula.

3. Prambanan Temple

Identification:

Prambanan is the largest Hindu temple compound in Central Java in Indonesia, located approximately 18 km east of Yogyakarta.

Description:

The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest Hindu temples in south-east Asia. It is characterised by its tall and pointed architecture, typical of Hindu temple architecture, and by the 47m high central building inside a large complex of individual temples.

It was built around 850 CE by either Rakai Pikatan, king of the second Mataram dynasty, or Balitung Maha Sambu, during the Sanjaya Dynasty. Not long after its construction, the temple was abandoned and began to deteriorate. Reconstruction of the compound began in 1918. The main building was completed in around 1953. Much of the original stonework has been stolen and reused at remote construction sites. A temple will only be rebuilt if at least 75% of the original stones are available, and therefore only the foundation walls of most of the smaller shrines are now visible and with no plans for their reconstruction.

 The temple was damaged during the earthquake in Java in 2006. Early photos suggest that although the complex appears to be structurally intact, damage is significant. Large pieces of debris, including carvings, were scattered over the ground. The temple has been closed to the public until damage can be fully assessed. The head of Yogyakarta Archaeological Conservation Agency stated that: “it will take months to identify the precise damage”. However, some weeks later in 2006 the site re-opened for visitors. The immediate surroundings of the Hindu temples remain off-limits for safety reasons.

4. Report

a. Social function

The social function of report is to describe the way things are (for example: a man -made thing, animals, plants). The things must be a representative of their class.

b. Generic Structure

Text organization of report  are as follows:

1.   General classification (introduces the topic of the report/tells what phenomenon under discussion is.)

2.   Description (tell the details of topic such as physical appearance, parts, qualities, habits/behavior).

c. Language Features

-                                              Use of general nouns ( Whales, Kangaroo, Computer)

-          Use of present tense (Komodo dragons usually weigh more than 160 kg)

-          Use of behavioral verbs (Snakes often sunbathe in the sun)

-          Use of technical terms ( Water contains oxygen and hydrogen)

-          Use of relating verbs (is, are, has)

d. Model of Report

Elephant

An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it has hard found in it natural habitat.

The trunk is the elephant’s peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant’s trunk also lift leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.

The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.

5. Explanation

a. Definition and Social Function

Explanation text is the text that explain how and why things happen. This text  is used to explain to the readers or listeners or why things happen. It also explains the process involved  in  the  formation  or  working  of  natural  or socio

cultural phenomena.

b. Generic Structure

An explanation text consists of :

1. General statement          : to position the reader or listeners.
2. Sequenced explanation  : Statement that shows how or why something occurs.
3. Closing

c. Language Features:

-          Focus on generic, non-human participants.

-          Use mainly of general and abstract nouns, action verbs, simple present tense, passive voice, conjunction of time and cause, noun phrases, complex sentences, and technical language

d. Model of Text

Example 1

How the Body React to Heat

General Statement:

When the human body is exposed to very hot conditions one result can be heatstroke. This is often the case for athletes and people who have to work outside in summer.

Sequence of explanation :

Heatstroke is a sudden, uncontrolled rise in body temperature. It is reactions that result from not being able to replace fluid lost-through perspiration. If the lost fluids are not replaced then dehydration occurs and this lads to a decrease in blood.

          In this situation the body must decide whether to give the blood to the main organs [livers, kidneys, and so on] or to skin. Because the main organs are more important, they will receive the blood. Also, as a consequence of the drop in fluids, the body loses its ability to sweat. The situation becomes critical. The body now can’t produce sweat; therefore, it can’t cool itself. Excess heat can’t be released through the skin as a result of the loss of blood supply to that part of the body to overheat.

          Heatstroke can cause permanent injury if not treated properly. It is one of how the body can react to heat.

Example 2

Bread

General Statement:

Almost everyone eats bread daily, especially for breakfast. Bread making is not a complicated task. You must have an oven, water, sugar, salt, flour and yeast. The basic ingredient is flour comes from wheat. There are two kinds of flour which is soft, and the hard one.
Hard flour, made by Winter wheat, is better choice for making bread. Bread using hard flour produces better texture and taste. Luke warm water is added to the flour to make dough.

Sequence of explanation :

Yeast is a microscopic organism, the size may not be impressive but it is capable of producing carbon dioxide. It is also easy to use. Powered yeast needs only be dissolved in water to be used instantly. Yeast works best in the presence of sugar and warmth.

Besides, encouraging yeast to grow quickly in the dough, sugar is added to give flour to the bread. Salt is added for the same purpose, to make the bread taste nice. However, it has the reverse effect on yeast, unlike sugar. The next ingredient is oil, olive oil, com oil, peanut oil and butter. It is essential for making the bread tender. After mixing with all these ingredients, the flour are hard beaten before sent to the oven.

Example 3

Dear Sir,

We have writing this letter to you because we are concerned about education quality of this high school.

To improve the students’ quality in language learning, we need language laboratory.
As we know, two of the subjects given on the national final examination are Bahasa Indonesia and English. Especially on English, there is listening comprehension section on the test. Students should be prepared to do listening test and one of the instruments needed is language laboratory.

Actually we have tape recorder to teach listening, but it is a matter of problem since the teacher must bring tape recorder, wire, cassette and other material from class to class. It wastes of energy and time. Teachers are busy on preparing instruments. If we have language laboratory, teacher can prepare the material of lesson without disturbing preparing the instruments.

Furthermore, language laboratory is not only used by English lesson, but also can be used by any language lessons. There are four language lessons, they are Bahasa Indonesia, English, Arabic and Bahasa Jawa. Those teachers can use language laboratory when teaching and it is very useful for students.

 

Compare the three texts above with the procedure text below!

Recipe for French Toast

You are going to need:

4 pieces of bread
1 spoon of sugar
2 eggs
A quarter of a cup of milk
Butter
Pan
Fork
Bowl

Before you start to cook, you have to read the recipe.
Now you can get ready. After you read the recipe, put everything on the counter.

When everything is ready, break the eggs, pour a quarter of the milk in the bowl, then add a small spoon of sugar. Mix the eggs, milk and sugar.

Next, put a piece of bread in the bowl with the eggs, milk and sugar. Turn over the bread.

Now, put some butter in the pan. Turn on the stove. When the pan is hot, take the bread out of the bowl and put it into the pan. After you cook one side of the bread, cook the other side. After you finish the first place of the bread, cook the other pieces. Now you have French toast!

The two text quite similar in its aim that is to explain how to do something. However, the two texts are different. Explanation is written more scientifically than procedure text.

6.  Analytical Exposition

a. Definition and Social Function

Analytical Exposition is one of the genre which presents arguments. Social function of analytical exposition is to persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the case, to analyze or to explain.

b. Generic Structure

1. Thesis

Thesis usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and indicates the writer’s position, for example: I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, etc.

2.   Arguments

Argument consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence. It uses transition signals such as First, Second, Furthermore, In addition, The last, etc.

3. Reiteration

Reiteration restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments presented. It is indicated by transition signals like In my conclusion, Based on the arguments above, etc.

c. Language Features

-          Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.

-          Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably

-          Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore.

-          Usually present tense

-          Compound and complex sentences

d. Model of Text

Example 1

Thesis:

I personally think learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.

Arguments:

Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.

Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample.

Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference.

In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.

Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.

Reiteration:

From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.

Example 2

Smoking In Restaurants

Thesis:

Smoking in restaurants is just not on. It must not be allowed because it is rude, harmful to others and dangerous for the smokers.

Arguments:

Firstly, smoking in a restaurant is impolite. The smell of the smoke affects all people and can turn them off their food. People pay to taste good food and not to be put off by foul smelling smoke.

Another reason smoking should not be allowed in restaurant is the harm it can do to others. Passive smoking that is breathing in smoke made by a smoker can lead to asthma attacks and even cancer.

Finally, smoking is dangerous and a health risk to the smokers. Cigarettes cause heart and lung disease and people should not smoke anywhere, not just in restaurants.

Reiteration:

Therefore, smoking in restaurants is impolite, harmful to others and a health risk to the smokers and should not be allowed in any restaurants.

7. Hortatory Exposition Text

a. Social Function

The  social      function of  Hortatory  Exposition  is  to persuade the readers or the listeners that something should or should not be the case.

b. Generic Structure

1.                                    Thesis        : stating an issue of concern by using expression such as I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, etc.

2.                                   Arguments : giving reasons for concern, leading     recommendation. Using  transition signals like  First, Second, Furthermore, In addition, The last, etc.

3.                                   Recommendation: stating what ought or ought not to happen by using the words : should, should not, ought to, ought not to, etc.

c. Language Features

-          Emotive words: alarmed, worried

-          Words that qualify statements: usual probably

-          Words that link arguments: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore

-          Usually present tense

-          Compound and complex sentences

-          Modal auxiliary: can, may, should, must

d. Model of Hortatory Exposition Text

Example 1

Thesis:

Is it important to know what your kids are watching? Of course yes. Television can expose things you have tried to protect them from, especially violence, pornography, consumerism, etc.

Arguments:

A study demonstrated that spending too much time on watching TV during the day or bedtime often causes bedtime disruption, stress, and short of sleep duration.
Another research found that there is a significant relationship between the amount of time spent for watching television during adolescence and early adulthood, and the possibility of being aggressive.

Meanwhile, many studies have identified a relationship between kids who watch TV a lot and being inactive and overweight.

Recommendation:

Considering some facts mentioned above, protect your children with the following tips:

1.   Limit television viewing to 1 – 2 hours each day

2.   Do not allow your children to have a TV set in their bedrooms

3.   Review the rating of TV shows that your children watch

4.   Watch television with your children and discuss what is happening the show

Example 2

Dear Editor,

Thesis:

We are writing to complain about ads on TV. There are so many ads, especially during our favourite programmes. We think they should be stopped for a number of reasons.

          Arguments:

First, ads are nuisance. They go on for a long time and there are so many. Sometimes there seems to be more ads than programmes.

Second, ads are bad influence on people. They try to encourage people to buy unhealthy food like beer, soft drink, candy and chips. And they make people want things they do not really need and can not.

Finally, the people who make ads have too much say in what programmes people watch. That is because they want to put all their ads on popular programs that a lot of people watch. Some programmes which are not so popular get stopped because they do not attract enough ads, even though those programmes may be someone’s favourite.

          Recommendation:

For those reasons, we think TV station should stop showing ads. They interrupt programmes. They are bad influences on people, and they are sometimes put a stop to people’s favourite shows. We are sick of ads, and now we mostly watch other channels.

David

8. Discussion Text

a. Definition and Social Function

Discussion  is a kind of text to present at least two points of view about an issue. The social function of this text is to present information and opinions about more than one side of an issue (“for” points “against” points).

 

b. Generic Structure

 The structure of discussion text  usually consists of:

1. Issue

- Statements and preview.

- Opening statement presenting the issue.

2. Arguments for and against

- Statements of different points of view [point and elaborations]

- Arguments or evidence for different points of view ( pros and cons).

3. Conclusions or recommendation.

-  Concluding recommendation

A discussion text focuses on generic human and generic non-human participants.

c. Language Features

Language features of discussion text are as follows:

-          Use of general nouns: alcohol, abortion, smoking, etc.

-          Use of relating verbs: is, are, etc.

-          Use of thinking verbs: think, feel, hope believe, etc.

-          Use of additive connectives: addition, furthermore, besides, etc.

-          Use of contrastive connectives: although, even, if, nevertheless, etc.

-          Use of causal connectives: because, because of, etc.

-          Use of modal auxiliary: must, should, etc.

-          Use of adverbial manner: hopefully.

d. Model of Discussion Text

ENERGY

Issue :

We all need energy in our life. Most of the energy w use now comes from oil and coal. This kind of energy will not lose long. So the scientists begin to think to find another kind of energy. They consider the use of nuclear energy.

Arguments:

          People who agree with the use of the energy say that it is worth to use because it is cheaper than any other sources of energy. On the contrary people who do not agree with it oppose it, because it causes pollution that it is dangerous for mankind.

Conclusion:

          Because of different opinion above, people now try to find another alternative which is supposed to be safer and cheaper.

9. Review

a. Definition and Social Function

Review   is an evaluation, such as a movie review, book review, etc. In addition to a critical evaluation, the review’s author may assign the work a rating to indicate its relative merit. In the skilled book reviewers’ explanations make the reader feel confident in their perception of the book. The social function of review is to critique an art work or event for a public audience. Reviews are used to summarize, analyze and respond to art works. They may include: movie, TV shows, books, plays, concerts, etc.

Many Types of Review is :

1. Book reviews
2. Music Reviews
3. Performance Reviews
4. Recording Reviews
5. Composition Reviews
6. Bought Reviews

b. Generic Structure

1.   Orientation

-          background information on the text

2.   Evaluation

-          concluding statement : judgment, opinion, or recommendation. It can consist of more than one.

3.   Interpretative Recount

-          summary of an art works including characters and plot.

4.   Evaluative summation

- The last opinion consisting the appraisal or the  punch line of the art works being criticized.

c. Language Features

-          Focus on specific participants

-          Use of adjectives

-          Use of long and complex clauses

-          Use of metaphor

d. Model of Review

Example 1

Book Review:

When You Reach Me: Rebecca Stead: Middle Grade Fiction Review

Book           : When You Reach Me
Author        : Rebecca Stead. Pages: 208. Age Range: 10-14 

Publisher    : Wendy Lamb Books. Publication Date: July 14, 2009. Source of Book: Bought it

Background: It's a bit unnecessary to review the book that won the Newbery Award last week, isn't it? I mean, we all know that it's well-written, right? Most libraries, and many individuals, are going to buy it, no matter what I say about it. And yet, I feel compelled to say a few words.

Review       : Rebecca Stead's When You Reach Me is a book for middle grade and middle school readers. It's a book that defies further categorization by genre. It's a mix of realistic fiction, historical fiction, science fiction, and mystery. Although it has a female protagonist, it's quite boy-friendly, too. But none of those categorization questions matter in the slightest. Because, simply put, When You Reach Me is a wonderful read, well-written, intriguing, and insightful.

Set in 1978-1979, When You Reach Me has a bit of an old-fashioned feel, reminiscent of books that I read in elementary school. But Stead manages, I think, to strike a good   balance   with  the   historical   references.  She  uses enough to give a flavor for the time period (latch-key kids and After school Specials), but not so much as to alienate new readers, or to feel contrived. And it's clear that Stead's choice of time frame wasn't lazy (as I've occasionally encountered, when an author finds it easier to describe the setting of his or her own childhood, rather than learning details about today's kids). I read in an interview that Stead chose this time period because she wanted to give her young protagonist a greater degree of freedom than most kids have today. This seems quite reasonable to me.

When You Reach Me is about Miranda, a sixth grader who lives in a New York City apartment with her single mother. Miranda receives a series of mysterious notes, notes that appear to foretell the future and that ask for her help. Miranda's quest to solve the mystery of the notes is set against her struggles with a rival at school, her sadness over her friend Sal's withdrawal from her, her interactions with a new friend, and with two boys, and her mother's preparation to be on the $20,000 Pyramid.

Miranda is a great character. She's selfish sometimes, but grows throughout the book. She knows when she's not doing the right thing. She's close to her mother, and doesn't miss the father she never knew. She likes to read, but she has one book (A Wrinkle in Time) that she reads over and over again. She's intelligent, but knows that she's not one of the smart kids in her class. She's eminently relatable for kids. The other characters in the book are quite three-dimensional, too, from Miranda's mother, who is unhappy in her work, to Miranda's rival, Julia, who is more vulnerable than she first appears.

I think that When You Reach Me also strikes a nice balance between action and introspection. The plot keeps readers guessing, and eagerly turning the pages for more clues, while certain passages will make them stop and think. Like these:

"Mom says that each of us has a veil between ourselves and the rest of the world, like a bride wears on her wedding day, except this  kind of  veil  is  invisible. We walk around happily with these invisible veils hanging down over our faces. The world is kind of blurry, and we like it that way.

But sometimes our veils are pushed away for a few moments, like there's a wind blowing it from our faces. And when the veil lifts, we can see the world as it really is, just for those few seconds before it settles down again." (Page 71)

"Sometimes you never feel meaner than the moment you stop being mean. It's like how turning on a light makes you realize how dark the room had gotten. And the way you usually act, the things you would normally have done, are like ghosts that everyone can see but pretends not to." (Page 144)

What I like about these passages, especially the second one, is that they're insightful, but still written as a kid would write them. I think that this writing style is deceptively simple, and is a big part of what makes this book accessible to kids. Miranda is a real 12-year old. She just  happens  to  be  one  who thinks about how time travel works, and is floored when she confronts racism in someone she thought she liked. (Miranda is white, but Julia is described as having light brown skin and dark brown eyes, one of ten kids in Miranda's second-grade class expected to use brown construction paper for self-portraits).

In short, I give two thumbs up to the selection from this year's Newbery committee. When You Reach Me has it all. I'm glad to know that it's destined to be widely read. I do echo Susan Kusel's recommendation to me, that enjoyment of When You Reach Me will be enhanced for new readers by reading (or re-reading) A Wrinkle in Time first. Don't miss this one.

Example 2

Cinta (Dian Sastrowardoyo) is a beautiful, smart and confident seventeen year old. Born in a loving family, surrounded by caring and supporting friends. Cinta seems to have everything in the world. She has four best friends, Milly (Sissy Pricillia), Karmen (Adinia Wirasti), Alya (Ladya Cheryl), and Maura(Titi Kamal) who always protect her. She’s also the object of Borne’s affection, the most eligible boyfriend at school.

But things are starting to change when Cinta meets Rangga (Nicholas saputra), a cool and arrogant boy whose presence is never taken into account at school. The unpredictable character of Rangga has disturbed Cinta. It creates a new and unfamiliar sensation which leads Cinta into a new and strange world. The next thing she knows, she has fallen in love with someone who has a very different character and comes from a very different world.

Bit by bit, Cinta starts to change. She becomes a new person, a stranger to her friends and even to herself. She doesn’t understand what has happened, let alone her friends.